Henry I BEAUCLERC
♂ Henry I BEAUCLERC
Eigenschaften
| Art | Wert | Datum | Ort | Quellenangaben |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Henry I BEAUCLERC |
Ereignisse
| Art | Datum | Ort | Quellenangaben |
|---|---|---|---|
| Geburt | September 1068 | Selby,Yorkshire,England nach diesem Ort suchen | |
| Bestattung | Reading Abbey nach diesem Ort suchen | ||
| Tod | 1. Dezember 1136 | St Denis-Ie-Fermont,Normandy nach diesem Ort suchen | |
| Heirat | 11. November 1100 | ||
| Heirat | zu einem Zeitpunkt zwischen 29. Januar 1120 und 1121 |
Ehepartner und Kinder
| Heirat | Ehepartner | Kinder |
|---|---|---|
| Sibyl Adela Lucy CORBERT |
|
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| Heirat | Ehepartner | Kinder |
| 11. November 1100 |
Matilda Dunkeld Of SCOTLAND |
|
| Heirat | Ehepartner | Kinder |
| Concubine 2 |
|
|
| Heirat | Ehepartner | Kinder |
| Concubine 1 |
|
|
| Heirat | Ehepartner | Kinder |
| Concubine 3 |
|
|
| Heirat | Ehepartner | Kinder |
| EDITH |
|
|
| Heirat | Ehepartner | Kinder |
| zu einem Zeitpunkt zwischen 29. Januar 1120 und 1121 |
Adelicia DE BRABANT |
|
Notizen zu dieser Person
1 _UID 142B4FD5AE2A4AFEA32B0BCB227645787C1A
1 _UID F1EE64441DBB054E9FE26662DD207BB22533
1 NAME /Henry/ I
Henry I, Beauclerc (1100-1135 AD)
Born: 1068
Died: 1135
Parents: William the Conqueror and Mathilda of Flanders
Significant Siblings: Robert, William Rufus
Spouse: (1st) Eadgyth, daughter of Malcolm III ofScotland;(2nd)Adelaideof Louvain
Significant Offspring: William, Matilda, Robert deMellent(EarlofGloucester), Sibylla
Contemporaries: Louis VI ('Louis the Fat', King ofFrance,1108-1137),Rogerof Salisbury, Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury),PopePascal II Henry I,the most resilient of the Norman kings (hisreignlastedthirty-five years),was nicknamed 'Beauclerc' (fine scholar)forhisabove average education.During his reign, thedifferencesbetweenEnglish and Norman society beganto slowly evaporate.Reforms intheroyal treasury system became thefoundation upon which laterkingsbuilt.The stability Henry afforded thethrone was offset byproblemsinsuccession: his only surviving son,William, was lost in thewreck oftheWhite Ship in November 1120.
The first years of Henry's reign were concernedwithsubduingNormandy.William the Conqueror divided his kingdomsbetweenHenry'solderbrothers, leaving England to William Rufus andNormandy toRobert.Henryinherited no land but received Ð5000 in silver. Heplayedeachbrotheroff of the other during their quarrels; bothdistrustedHenryandsubsequently signed a mutual accession treaty barringHenryfromthecrown. Henry's hope arose when Robert departed for the HolyLandontheFirst Crusade; should William die, Henry was the obviousheir.Henrywasin the woods hunting on the morning of August 2, 1100whenWilliamRufuswas killed by an arrow. His quick movement in securingthecrownonAugust 5 led many to believe he was responsible forhisbrother'sdeath.In his coronation charter, Henry denouncedWilliam'soppressivepoliciesand promising good government in an effort toappeasehis barons.Robertreturned to Normandy a few weeks later butescaped finaldefeatuntil theBattle of Tinchebrai in 1106; Robert wascaptured andlived theremainingtwenty-eight years of his life as Henry'sprisoner.
Henry was drawn into controversy with a rapidlyexpandingChurch.Layinvestiture, the king's selling of clergyappointments,washeavilyopposed by Gregorian reformers in the Church butwas acornerstoneofNorman government. Henry recalled Anselm of Bec tothearchbishopricofCanterbury to gain baronial support, but thestubbornAnselm refusedtodo homage to Henry for his lands. The situationremainedunresolveduntilPope Paschal II threatened Henry withexcommunication in1105. Hereacheda compromise with the papacy: Henryrescinded the king'sdivineauthorityin conferring sacred offices butappointees continued todohomage fortheir fiefs. In practice, it changedlittle - thekingmaintained thedeciding voice in appointing ecclesiasticaloffices -butit a marked apoint where kingship became purely secularandsubservientin the eyes ofthe Church.
By 1106, both the quarrels with the church and the conquestofNormandyweresettled and Henry concentrated on expanding royal power.Hemixedgenerositywith violence in motivating allegiance to thecrownandappointing loyal andgifted men to administrative positions.Byraisingmen out of obscurity forsuch appointments, Henry began torelyless onlanded barons as ministersand created a loyal bureaucracy. Hewasdeeplyinvolved in continentalaffairs and therefore spent almost halfofhistime in Normandy, promptinghim to create the position of justiciar-themost trusted of all the king'sofficials, the justiciarliterallyruledin the king's stead. Roger ofSalisbury, the firstjusticiar,wasinstrumental in organizing an efficientdepartment forcollectionofroyal revenues, the Exchequer. The Exchequerheld sessionstwice ayearfor sheriffs and other revenue-collectingofficials;theseofficialsappeared before the justiciar, the chancellor,andseveralclerks andrendered an account of their finances. The Exchequerwasaningeniousdevice for balancing amounts owed versus amountspaid.Henrygainednotoriety for sending out court officials tojudgelocalfinancialdisputes (weakening the feudal courts controlled bylocallords)and curberrant sheriffs (weakening the power bestowed uponthesheriffsby hisfather).
The final years of his reign were consumed in warwithFranceanddifficulties ensuring the succession. The French KingLouisVIbeganconsolidating his kingdom and attacked Normandyunsuccessfullyonthreeseparate occasions. The succession became a concernupon thedeathof hisson William in 1120: Henry's marriage to Adelaidewasfruitless,leavinghis daughter Matilda as the only survivinglegitimateheir. Shewasrecalled to Henry's court in 1125 after the deathof herhusband,EmperorHenry V of Germany. Henry forced his barons to swearanoathofallegiance to Matilda in 1127 after he arranged hermarriagetothesixteen-year-old Geoffrey of Anjou to cement an Angevinallianceonthecontinent. The marriage, unpopular with the Normanbarons,producedamale heir in 1133, which prompted yet another reluctantoathofloyaltyfrom the aggravated barons. In the summer of1135,Geoffreydemandedcustody of certain key Norman castles as a show ofgoodwill fromHenry;Henry refused and the pair entered into war. Henry'slifeended inthissorry state of affairs - war with his son-in-lawandrebellion onthehorizon - in December 1135.
Third surviving son of WIlliam the Conqueror.
Henry had at least 20 illegimate children. (The Kings &QueensofBritain,John Cannon and Anne Hargreaves, Oxford UniversityPress,page184,printed 2001)
Henry
Kings of England. Henry I, 1068-1135 (r.1100-1135), was theyoungestsonofWilliam I. On the death of his brother William Ii, hehadhimselfelectedand crowned king while his older brother, Robert Ii,dukeofNormandy, wason crusade. In 1101 Robert invaded England,butHenrybought him off. Henryinvaded Normandy in 1105, defeatedhisbrother, andbecame duke ofNormandy. In the meantime he had beeninvolvedin astruggle with Anselmover lay investiture. His later yearsweremarked byhis attempts to obtainthe succession for his daughterMatilda.UnderHenry's reign of order andprogress, royal justicewasstrengthened.Henry II, 1133-89 (r.1154-89),was the son of MatildaandGeoffrey Iv,count of Anjou. Founder of theAngevin, or Plantagenet,line,he becameduke of Normandy in 1150 and in1152 married EleanorOfAquitaine, thusgaining vast territories in France.In 1153 heinvadedEngland and forcedStephen to acknowledge him as hisheir. As kingherestored order towar-ravaged England, subdued the barons,centralizedthepower ofgovernment in royalty, and strengthened royalcourts.Henry'sdesire toincrease royal authority brought him intoconflict withThomas àBecket,whom he had made (1162) archbishop ofCanterbury. Thequarrel,whichfocused largely on the jurisdiction of thechurch courts,came to aheadwhen Henry issued (1163) the Constitutions ofClarendon,definingtherelationship between church and state, and ended(1170)withBecket'smurder, for which Henry was forced by publicindignation todopenance.During his reign he gained northern countiesfrom Scotlandandincreasedhis French holdings. He was also involved infamilystruggles.Encouragedby their mother and Louis Vi of France, histhreeoldest sons,Henry,Richard I, and Geoffrey, rebelled (1173-74)against him.Therebellioncollapsed, but at the time of Henry's death,Richard andtheyoungestson, John, were in the course of anotherrebellion. HenryIII,1207-72(r.1216-72), was the son of John. He becameking under aregencyand wasgranted full powers of kingship in 1227. In1230, againsttheadvice ofthe chief justiciar, Hubert de Burgh, he ledanunsuccessfulexpeditionto Gascony and Brittany. He dismissed Hubertin1232 and begana reign ofextravagance and general incapacity,spendingvast sums onfutile wars inFrance. Henry's absolutism, hisreliance onFrenchfavorites, and hissubservience to the papacy aroused thehostilityof thebarons. Hisattempt to put his son, Edmund, earl ofLancaster, onthethrone ofSicily (given to Henry by the pope) eventuallyled totheBarons' War.Simon de Montfort, the barons' leader, won atLewesandsummoned (1265) afamous Parliament, but Henry's son Edward Iledroyaltroops to victoryat Evesham (1265), where de Montfort was killed.By1267the barons hadcapitulated, Prince Edward ruled the realm, andHenrywasking in nameonly. Henry IV, 1367-1413, (r.1399-1413), was the sonofJohnOf Gaunt.In 1387 he joined the opposition to Richard Ii and wasoneofthe five'lords appellant' who ruled England from 1388 to 1389.In1398Richardbanished Henry and, after John's death in 1399,seizedthefamily's vastLancastrian holdings. Counting on theking'sunpopularityand his absencein Ireland, Henry invaded Englandandsuccessfully claimedthe throne,thus establishing the Lancastriandynasty.His reign wasspentsuppressing rebellions, notably by Richard'sfollowers;by theScots; bythe Welsh under Owen Glendower; and by Sir HenryPercy. Heleftthekingdom militarily secure but in debt. His son,HenryV,1387-1422(r.1413-22), presided over the privy council duringhisfather'sillness.As prince of Wales (Shakespeare's 'Prince Hal'), heledarmiesagainstOwen Glendower and figured largely in the victory overthePercys.Theearly years of his reign were troubled by the rebellionoftheLollards(see Lollardry). Determined to regain lands he believedtobehis, heinvaded France in 1415, thus reopening the HundredYearsWar.Afterannouncing his claim to the French throne, he met anddefeatedasuperiorFrench force at the famous battle of Agincourt. By 1420hehadconqueredNormandy, married Catherine Of Valois, and persuadedherfather,CharlesVi of France, to name him his successor. He fell illanddied in1422. Asking he ruled with justice and industry, restoringcivilorderand thenational spirit. Though his wars left the crown indebt,hischarm,military genius, and care for his less fortunate subjectsmadehimapopular hero. His son, Henry VI, 1421-71(r.1422-61,1470-71),becameking when he was not yet nine months old.During his earlyyearsEnglandwas under the protectorate of two of hisuncles. Aftertheirdefeat atOrléans by Joan Of Arc, the English attemptedto protecttheirFrenchinterests by crowning Henry king of France at Parisin 1431,buttheircause was hopeless. Henry's rule was dominated byfactions,andtherewere many riots and uprisings indicating publicdissatisfactionwiththegovernment. The struggle between the faction headedbyHenry'swife,Margaret Of Anjou, and Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somerset,andthatheadedby Richard, duke of York, developed into thedynasticbattlebetween theLancasters and Yorks known as the Wars of theRoses.Henrywent insane in1453. In 1455 Somerset was killed in the battleofSt.Albans, and theYorkists gained control of the government.Margarethadcontrol from 1456until 1460, when the Yorkists won avictoryatNorthampton and Henry wastaken prisoner. York, who had beennamedHenry'ssuccessor, was killed atWakefield in 1460, but his son EdwardIvdefeatedthe Lancastrians andwas proclaimed king. Later he fledtoHolland, andHenry was briefly(1470-71) restored. In 1471 Edwardretookthe throne,and Henry wasmurdered in the Tower of London. Henry wasamild, honest,pious man, apatron of literature and the arts, andthefounder (1440) ofEtonCollege. He was also unstable, weak-willed,andpolitically naïve.HenryVII, 1457-1509 (r.1485-1509), became head ofthehouse of LancasteratHenry VI's death. In 1485 he invaded EnglandfromFrance and defeatedtheforces of Richard Iii at the battle ofBosworthField. The next yearhemarried Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth,thusuniting the houses ofYorkand Lancaster and founding the Tudordynasty.Although hisaccessionmarked the end of the Wars of the Roses, theearlyyears of hisreignwere disturbed by Yorkist attempts to regain thethrone,e.g.,theimpersonations of Lambert Simnel and PerkinWarbeck.HeconsolidatedEnglish rule in Ireland (1494) and effected apeacetreatywith Scotland(1499), which was followed by the marriage ofhisdaughterMargaret toJames Iv of Scotland. He established theTudortradition ofautocraticrule tempered by justice and increased thepowersof the StarChambercourt. His son Henry VIII, 1491-1547(r.1509-47),married hisbrotherArthur's widow, Katharine Of Aragón, whobore him adaughter, MaryI. Hischief minister, Thomas Wolsey, concluded analliancewith Francis IofFrance. but Henry (despite the Field Of The ClothOfGold) joined(1522)Emperor Charles V in a war against France.Englandprosperedinternallyunder Wolsey, who had almost complete control.Thecourt becamea centerof learning, and the pope gave Henry thetitle'Defender of theFaith'for a treatise he wrote against Martin Luther.By1527 Henry,desiring amale heir, wished to marry Anne Boleyn, butPopeClement Vii,under thecontrol of Katharine's nephew, Charles V,resistedhis demandsfor adivorce. Wolsey's failure in this affair causedhisdownfall, andThomasCromwell became chief minister. Ananti-ecclesiasticalpolicywasadopted, and the subservient Thomas CranmerbecamearchbishopofCanterbury. He immediately pronounced Henry'smarriagetoKatharineinvalid. Papal powers were transferred to the king,whobecamethesupreme head of the English church. The break with Romewasnowcomplete,and the Church of England was established. Anne,whomHenryimmediatelymarried, had one daughter, Elizabeth I. Themarriageended in1536, whenAnne was convicted of adultery and beheaded.Ten dayslaterHenry marriedJane Seymour, who died in 1537 giving birth toEdwardVi.The king dealtharshly with rebellions against the abolitionofpapalsupremacy and thedissolution of the monasteries. In 1537 helicensedthepublication ofthe Bible in English. His marriage (1540) toAnne OfCleves(whom hedisliked and soon divorced) led to the executionofCromwell. Hethenmarried Catherine Howard, who suffered (1542)AnneBoleyn's fate. In1543Catherine Parr became his sixth queen. In 1542warwith Scotlandbeganagain, and Henry made unsuccessful attempts tounitethe twokingdoms.Wales was officially incorporated into England(1536),but theconquestof Ireland proved too expensive. The end of Henry'sreignsaw agradualmove toward Protestantism. Henry remainedimmenselypopular,despite hisadvancement of personal desires under theguise ofpublicpolicy or moralright. His political insight, however,grewsteadilybetter, and thepower of Parliament increased. He gaveEnglandacomparatively peacefulreign
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Datenbank
| Titel | |
| Beschreibung | |
| Hochgeladen | 2007-12-03 17:23:35.0 |
| Einsender |
Thomas
Schäfer
|
| dtschaefer@arcor.de | |
| Zeige alle Personen dieser Datenbank | |
