Otto HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR

♂ Otto HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR

Eigenschaften

Art	Wert	Datum	Ort	Quellenangaben
Name	Otto HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR

Ereignisse

Art	Datum	Ort
Geburt	23. November 912	Wallhausen, Landkreis Mansfeld-Südharz, Thüringische Mark, Sachsen-Anhalt, Ostenfrankenreich, Germany nach diesem Ort suchen
Tod	7. Mai 973	Memleben, Burgenlandkreis, Thüringische Mark, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany nach diesem Ort suchen
_UPD

Eltern

Heinrich 'der Vogler' VON SACHSEN

Mathilde VON WESTFALEN

Notizen zu dieser Person

<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; font: 1.8em/1.3 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; white-space: normal; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; letter-spacing: normal; color: black; overflow: hidden; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; padding: 0px;" lang="en">Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor</h1>

Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), also known as Otto the Great, was emperor of the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Holy Roman Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, reigning as <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany">German king</a> from 936 until his death in 973. The oldest son of <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry the Fowler" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler">Henry I the Fowler</a> and <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Matilda of Ringelheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Ringelheim">Matilda of Ringelheim</a>, Otto was "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy".<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-2">[1]</a>

Otto inherited the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duchy of Saxony" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a> and the kingship of the Germans upon his father's death in 936. He continued his father's work to unify all <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Germans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans">German</a> tribes into a single kingdom and greatly expanded the king's powers at the expense of the aristocracy. Through strategic marriages and personal appointments, Otto installed members of his own family to the kingdom's most important duchies. This reduced the various dukes, who had previously been co-equals with the king, into royal subjects under his authority. Otto transformed the <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Catholic Church" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> in Germany to strengthen the royal office and subjected its clergy to his personal control.

After putting down a brief civil war among the rebellious duchies, Otto defeated the <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magyars" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyars">Magyars</a> at the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Lechfeld" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld">Battle of Lechfeld</a> in 955, thus ending the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe">Hungarian invasions of Western Europe</a>.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1991254-3">[2]</a> The victory against the <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pagan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan">pagan</a> Magyars earned Otto the reputation as a savior of <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christendom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom">Christendom</a> and secured his hold over the kingdom. By 961, Otto had conquered the<a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Italy (medieval)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)">Kingdom of Italy</a> and extended his realm's borders to the north, east, and south. In control of much of central and southern Europe, the patronage of Otto and his immediate successors caused a <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ottonian Renaissance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_Renaissance">limited cultural renaissance</a> of the arts and architecture. Following the example of <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charlemagne" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s coronation as "Emperor of the Romans" in 800, Otto was crowned <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Holy Roman Emperor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor">Emperor</a> in 962 by <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope John XII" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XII">Pope John XII</a> in Rome.

Otto's later years were marked by conflicts with the Papacy and struggles to stabilize his rule over Italy. Reigning from Rome, Otto sought to improve relations with the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Byzantine Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, which opposed his claim to emperorship and his realm's further expansion to the south. To resolve this conflict, the Byzantine princess <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theophanu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanu">Theophanu</a> married his son, <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor">Otto II</a>, in April 972. Otto finally returned to Germany in August 972 and died of natural causes in 973. Otto II succeeded him as Emperor.

<h2 style="border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 1.5em; overflow: hidden; font-weight: normal; padding: 0px;">Early life and family</h2>

Otto was born on 23 November 912, the oldest son of the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duchy of Saxony" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a>, <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry the Fowler" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> and his second wife <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Matilda of Ringelheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Ringelheim">Matilda of Ringelheim</a>, the daughter of the Saxon count <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietrich of Ringelheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_of_Ringelheim">Dietrich of Ringelheim</a> (in <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Westphalia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia">Westphalia</a>). Henry had previously married Hatheburg, also a daughter of a Saxon count, in 906, but this "marriage" was annulled,<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-4">[3]</a>probably in 909 after she had given birth to Henry's first son and Otto's half-brother <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thankmar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thankmar">Thankmar</a>. His father Henry was the great-grandson of Gisela, daughter of <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Louis the Pious" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious">Louis the Pious</a>. This gave Otto a claim to be <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Holy Roman Emperor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> as he was the great-great-great grandson of Louis the Pious. Otto had four full siblings: <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hedwig of Saxony" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_of_Saxony">Hedwig</a> (born 910), <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerberga of Saxony" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerberga_of_Saxony">Gerberga</a> (born 913), <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry I, Duke of Bavaria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria">Henry</a> (born 919),<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-5">[b]</a> and <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bruno the Great" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_the_Great">Bruno</a> (born 925). Little else is known about his youth and education.

<h3 style="border-bottom-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 1.17em; overflow: hidden; font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0.5em;">Background<span class="mw-editsection" style="line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; margin-left: 1em; font-size: small; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: normal; -webkit-user-select: none;">[<a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Background" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>]</h3>

On 23 December 918 <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conrad I of Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany">King Conrad I</a> of <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East Francia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia">East Francia</a> and <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duke of Franconia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Franconia">Duke of Franconia</a> died. According to the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Res gestae saxonicae sive annalium libri tres" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_gestae_saxonicae_sive_annalium_libri_tres">Res gestae saxonicae</a> by the Saxon chronicler <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Widukind of Corvey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widukind_of_Corvey">Widukind of Corvey</a>, Conrad persuaded his younger brother Duke <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eberhard of Franconia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_of_Franconia">Eberhard of Franconia</a>, the presumptive heir, to offer the crown to Otto's father Henry on his deathbed.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1991136-6">[4]</a>Although Conrad and Henry had been at odds with one another since 912, Conrad considered him to be the only German duke capable of holding the Kingdom together in the face of internal rivalries among the dukes and continuous <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hungarian people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people">Hungarian</a> raids. After several months of hesitation, Eberhard and the other Frankish and Saxon nobles elected Henry as king at the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> of <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fritzlar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritzlar">Fritzlar</a> in May 919. For the first time a Saxon instead of a Frank reigned over the Kingdom.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1991137.E2.80.93139-7">[5]</a>

<a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burchard II, Duke of Swabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchard_II,_Duke_of_Swabia">Burchard II, Duke of Swabia</a> soon swore fealty to the new King,<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1991140-8">[6]</a> but <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria">Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria</a> did not recognize Henry's position. According to the <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Annales Iuvavenses" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Iuvavenses">Annales Iuvavenses</a>, Arnulf was elected king by the Bavarians in opposition to Henry, but his "reign" was short-lived; Henry defeated him in two campaigns. In 921, Henry besieged Arnulf's residence at Ratisbon (<a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regensburg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg">Regensburg</a>) and forced him into submission. Arnulf had to accept Henry's sovereignty; Bavaria retained some autonomy and the right to invest bishops in the Bavarian church.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz201045-9">[7]</a>

<h2 style="border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 1.5em; overflow: hidden; font-weight: normal; padding: 0px;">Heir apparent</h2>

Otto first gained experience as a military commander when the German kingdom fought against <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Slavic peoples" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples">Slavic</a> tribes on its eastern border. While campaigning against the Slavs in 929, Otto's illegitimate son <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William (Archbishop of Mainz)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_(Archbishop_of_Mainz)">William</a>, the future <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Archbishop of Mainz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Mainz">Archbishop of Mainz</a>, was born to a Slavic mother. With Henry's dominion over the entire kingdom secured by 929, his family was given the right of sole succession over the kingdom. Henry had the arrangement for his succession ratified by an Imperial Diet at <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Erfurt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt">Erfurt</a>. After his death, his lands and wealth were to be divided between his four sons: Thankmar, Otto, Henry, and Bruno.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernhardt19933-10">[8]</a> Departing from customary <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carolingian dynasty" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty">Carolingian</a> inheritance, the King designated Otto as the sole <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heir apparent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent">heir apparent</a> without a prior formal election by the various dukes.

While Henry consolidated power within Germany, he prepared for an alliance with <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anglo-Saxon England" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> by finding a bride for Otto. Association with another royal house would give Henry additional legitimacy and strengthen the bonds between the two Saxon kingdoms. To seal the alliance, King <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Æthelstan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan">Æthelstan</a> of England sent Henry his two half sisters <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eadgyth" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadgyth">Eadgyth</a> and <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward the Elder" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Elder#Family">Ælfgifu</a> so he could choose the one which best pleased him. Henry selected Eadgyth as Otto's bride and the two were married in 929.

<h2 style="border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: black; font-size: 1.5em; overflow: hidden; font-weight: normal; padding: 0px;">Reign as King</h2>

Henry died from the effects of a cerebral stroke on 2 July 936 at his palace, the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kaiserpfalz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a> in <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Memleben" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memleben">Memleben</a>, and was buried at <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quedlinburg Abbey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedlinburg_Abbey">Quedlinburg Abbey</a>.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerAlthoff2008145.E2.80.93146-11">[9]</a> At the time of his death, all of the various German tribes were united in a single realm. At age 23, Otto assumed his father's position as <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duke of Saxony" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a> and <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany">King of Germany</a>. His coronation was held on 7 August 936 in <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charlemagne" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s former capital of <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aachen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen">Aachen</a>, where he was anointed and crowned by Hildebert, the Archbishop of Mainz.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1991148-12">[10]</a> Though he was a Saxon by birth, Otto appeared at the coronation in Frankish dress in an attempt to demonstrate his sovereignty over the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lotharingia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia">Duchy of Lotharingia</a> and his role as true successor to Charlemagne, whose last heirs in East Francia had died out in 911.

According to Widukind of Corvey, at his coronation banquet, Otto had the four other dukes of the kingdom (from the duchies of <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duchy of Franconia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Franconia">Franconia</a>, <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duchy of Swabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia">Swabia</a>, <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duchy of Bavaria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duchy of Lorraine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine">Lorraine</a>) act as his personal attendants: <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria">Arnulf I of Bavaria</a> as<a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marshal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal">marshal</a> (or stablemaster), <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Herman I, Duke of Swabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_I,_Duke_of_Swabia">Herman I, Duke of Swabia</a> as <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cupbearer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupbearer">cupbearer</a>, <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eberhard of Franconia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_of_Franconia">Eberhard of Franconia</a> as <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Steward (office)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steward_(office)">steward</a> (or<a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seneschal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneschal">seneschal</a>) and <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gilbert of Lorraine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_of_Lorraine">Gilbert of Lorraine</a> as <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chamberlain (office)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)">Chamberlain</a>.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-13">[c]</a><a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-CHISHOLM1911-14">[11]</a> By performing this traditional service, the dukes signaled cooperation with the new king, and clearly showed their submission to his reign.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutz201043-15">[12]</a>

Despite his peaceful transition, the royal family was not harmonious during his early reign. Otto's younger brother, Henry, also claimed the throne, contrary to his father's wishes. According to his biography, Vita Mathildis reginae posterior, their mother had favored Henry as king: in contrast to Otto, Henry had been "<a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Born in the purple" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_in_the_purple">born in the purple</a>" during his father's reign and shared his name.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-16">[13]</a>

Otto also faced internal opposition from various local aristocrats. According to Widukind of Corvey, in 936, Otto appointed <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hermann Billung" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Billung">Hermann Billung</a> as <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Margrave" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrave">Margrave</a>, granting him authority over <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="March (territory)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(territory)">a march</a> north of the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elbe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe">Elbe River</a> between the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Limes Saxoniae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Saxoniae">Limes Saxoniae</a> and <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peene">Peene Rivers</a>. As military governor, Hermann extracted tribute from the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polabian Slavs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabian_Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> inhabiting the area and often fought against the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Slavs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavs">Western Slavic</a> tribes of the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lutici" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutici">Lutici</a>, <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Obotrites" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites">Obotrites</a>, and <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wagri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagri">Wagri</a>. Hermann's appointment angered his brother, <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wichmann the Elder" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichmann_the_Elder">Count Wichmann the Elder</a>. As the elder and wealthier of the two, Wichmann believed his claim to the office was superior to his brother's. Additionally, Wichmann was related by marriage to the <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dowager queen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowager_queen">dowager queen</a> Matilda.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerAlthoff2008158-17">[14]</a> In 937, Otto further offended the nobility through his appointment of <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gero" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gero">Gero</a> to succeed his older brother,<a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siegfried, Margrave of Merseburg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried,_Margrave_of_Merseburg">Siegfried</a>, as Count and Margrave of a border region abutting the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wends" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wends">Wends</a> on the lower <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saale" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saale">Saale</a>. His decision frustrated Thankmar, Otto's half-brother and Siegfried's cousin, who felt that he held a greater right to the appointment.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerAlthoff2008159.E2.80.93160-18">[15]</a>

Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria, died in 937 and was succeeded by his son <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eberhard, Duke of Bavaria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard,_Duke_of_Bavaria">Eberhard</a>. The new duke quickly came into conflict with Otto, as Eberhard opposed the Kings's sovereignty over Bavaria as part of the peace treaty between the former King Henry and Arnulf. Refusing to recognize Otto's supremacy, Eberhard rebelled against the King. In two campaigns in the spring and fall of 938, Otto defeated and exiled Eberhard from the kingdom and stripped him of his titles. In his place, Otto appointed Eberhard's uncle <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berthold, Duke of Bavaria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold,_Duke_of_Bavaria">Berthold</a>, margrave[<a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify">clarification needed</a>] of the <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="March of Carinthia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Carinthia">March of Carinthia</a>, as the new Duke of Bavaria on the condition that Berthold would recognize Otto as the sole authority to appoint bishops and to administer royal property within the duchy.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-CHISHOLM1911-14">[11]</a>

At the same time, Otto had to settle a dispute with Duke Eberhard of Franconia, the brother of the former king Conrad I of Germany. On his deathbed, in December 918, King Conrad persuaded Eberhard to forgo any ambition for the German crown and to support Henry the Fowler as his successor. Conrad considered this the only way to end the long-standing feud between Saxons and Franks and to prevent the dissolution of the German kingdom into individual states based around the German tribal duchies. Though Eberhard remained loyal to King Henry I, Eberhard used the transition to Otto as an opportunity to increase his own power by besieging Helmern castle near <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Willebadessen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willebadessen">Peckelsheim</a>. Though the fortress was located within the Duchy of Franconia, near the border of the Duchy of Saxony, it was under the control of a Saxon commander who refused to swear fealty to any non-Saxon ruler. Otto called the feuding parties to his court at <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magdeburg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, where Eberhard was ordered to pay a fine, and his lieutenants were sentenced to carry dead dogs in public, a particularly dishonoring punishment.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerAlthoff2008159-19">[16]</a>

Infuriated with Otto's actions, Eberhard joined Otto's half-brother Thankmar, Count Wichmann, and <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederick (Archbishop of Mainz)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_(Archbishop_of_Mainz)">Archbishop Frederick of Mainz</a> and rebelled against the King in 938.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1991152-20">[17]</a> They besieged <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Warstein" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warstein">Warstein</a> in the <a class="mw-redirect" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arnsberg Forest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnsberg_Forest">Arnsberg Forest</a> and freed Otto's brother, Henry, from imprisonment there. Duke Herman I of Swabia, one of Otto's closest advisors, warned him of the rebellion and the King moved quickly to put down the revolt. Wichmann was soon reconciled with Otto and joined the King's forces against his former compatriots.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-22">[d]</a> Otto besieged Thankmar at <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eresburg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eresburg">Eresburg</a> and had him killed at the altar of the church of Saint Peter. Following their defeats, Eberhard and Frederick sought reconciliation with the King. Otto pardoned both after a brief exile in <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hildesheim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a> and restored them to their former positions.<a style="white-space: nowrap; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#cite_note-23">[19]</a>

Shortly after his reconciliation, Eberhard prepared a second rebellion against Otto. He promised to assist Otto's younger brother Henry in claiming the throne and recruited Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine to join his rebellion. Gilbert was married to Otto's sister, Gerberga of Saxony, but had sworn fealty to King <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Louis IV of France" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France">Louis IV of France</a>. Otto exiled Henry from Germany, and he fled to the court of King Louis. The <a style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Francia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Francia">West Frankish</a> King, in hopes of regaining dominion over Lorraine once again, joined forces with Henry and Gilbert. In response, O

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1	Familias Freixa, Kylin y otras, Otto "the Great" Holy Roman Emperor I Autor: Miguel Alberto Freixa

Datenbank

Titel	Gröger Ahnentafel
Beschreibung	Es betrifft die Familien Gröger, Klauke, Riedel, Mörchen, Guntermann, u.a.
Hochgeladen	2018-12-25 17:16:30.0
Einsender	Adolf Gröger
E-Mail	addygroeger@freenet.de
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Otto HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR