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Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, de jure 13th Baron Latimer and 5th Baron Willoughby de Broke (3 October 1554 - 30 September 1628), known before 1621 as Sir Fulke Greville, was an Elizabethan poet, dramatist, and statesman who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1581 and 1621, when he was raised to the peerage. Greville was a capable administrator who served the English Crown under Elizabeth I and James I as, successively, treasurer of the navy, chancellor of the exchequer, and commissioner of the Treasury, and who for his services was in 1621 made Baron Brooke, peer of the realm. Greville was granted Warwick Castle in 1604, making numerous improvements. Greville is best known today as the biographer of Sir Philip Sidney, and for his sober poetry, which presents dark, thoughtful and distinctly Calvinist views on art, literature, beauty and other philosophical matters. Life Fulke Greville, born 3 October 1554, at Beauchamp Court, near Alcester, Warwickshire, was the only son of Sir Fulke Greville (1536-1606) and Anne Neville (d.1583), the daughter of Ralph Neville, 4th Earl of Westmorland,[1] He was the grandson of Sir Fulke Greville (d. 10 November 1559) and Elizabeth Willoughby (buried 15 November 1562), eldest daughter of Robert Willoughby, 2nd Baron Willoughby de Broke,[2] The only other child of the marriage was a daughter, Margaret Greville (1561-1631/2), who married Sir Richard Verney.[1] He was sent in 1564, on the same day as his lifelong friend, Philip Sidney, to Shrewsbury School.[3] He enrolled at Jesus College, Cambridge in 1568.[4] Sir Henry Sidney, Philip's father, and president of the Council of Wales and the Marches, gave Greville in 1576 a post connected with the court of the Welsh Marches, but Greville resigned it in 1577 to go to attend court of Queen Elizabeth along with Philip Sidney. There, Greville became a great favourite with the Queen, who valued his sober character and administrative skills. In 1581, he was elected in a by-election as Member of Parliament for Southampton.[5] Queen Elizabeth made him secretary to the principality of Wales in 1583. However he was put out of favour more than once for leaving the country against her wishes. Greville, Philip Sidney and Sir Edward Dyer were members of the "Areopagus", the literary clique which, under the leadership of Gabriel Harvey, supported the introduction of classical metres into English verse. Sidney and Greville arranged to sail with Sir Francis Drake in 1585 in his expedition against the Spanish West Indies, but Elizabeth forbade Drake to take them with him, and also refused Greville's request to be allowed to join Robert Dudley's army in the Netherlands. Philip Sidney, who took part in the campaign, was killed on 17 October 1586. Greville memorialized his beloved friend in his Life of the Renowned Sir Philip Sidney. Greville participated in the Battle of Coutras in 1587.[6] About 1591 Greville served further for a short time in Normandy under Henry of Navarre in the French Wars of Religion. This was his last experience of war. Greville represented Warwickshire in parliament in 1592-1593, 1597, 1601 and 1621. In 1598 he was made Treasurer of the Navy, and he retained the office through the early years of the reign of James I. Greville was granted Warwick Castle-situated on a bend of the River Avon in Warwickshire-by King James I in 1604.[7] Dilapidated when he took possession of the castle, he spent £20,000 to restore it to former glory.[5][8] In 1614 he became chancellor and under-treasurer of the exchequer, and throughout the reign he was a valued supporter of James I, although in 1615 he advocated the summoning of a parliament. In 1618 he became commissioner of the treasury, and in 1621 he was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron Brooke, a title which had belonged to the family of his paternal grandmother. Death In 1628 at Warwick castle, Greville was stabbed and killed by Ralph Heywood, a servant who felt he had been cheated in his master's will. Having been stabbed, Greville's physicians treated his wounds by filling them with pig fat rather than disinfecting the cuts. The pig fat turn rancid, infected Greville's cuts and he died in agony four weeks after the attack. After stabbing Greville, the murderer turned the knife on himself. Lord Brooke was buried in the Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick, and on his tomb was inscribed the epitaph he composed: Folk Grevill Servant to Queene Elizabeth Conceller to King James and Frend to Sir Philip Sidney. Trophaeum Peccati.[9] Works Greville is best known by his biography of Sidney, the full title of which expresses the scope of the work.[n 1] He includes some autobiographical matter in what amounts to a treatise on government. Greville's poetry consists of closet tragedies, sonnets, and poems on political and moral subjects. His style is grave and sententious. Greville's works include: Biography The Life of the Renowned Sir Philip Sidney (1625) Closet drama Alaham Mustapha Verse poems Caelica in CX Sonnets Of Monarchy A Treatise of Religion A Treatie of Humane Learning An Inquisition upon Fame and Honour A Treatie of Warres Miscellaneous prose a letter to an "Honourable Lady," a letter to Grevill Varney in France, a short speech delivered on behalf of Francis Bacon Editions Greville's works were collected and reprinted by Alexander Balloch Grosart, in 1870, in four volumes. Poetry and Drama of Fulke Greville, edited by Geoffery Bullough, was published in 1938. The Prose Works of Fulke Greville, edited by John Gouws, were published in 1986. "The Selected Poems of Fulke Greville," edited by Thom Gunn, with an afterword by Bradin Cormack, was published in 2009 (University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-30846-3.) The Tragedy of Mustapha (London: Printed by J. Windet for N. Butter, 1609). Certaine Learned and Elegant Workes (London: Printed by E. Purslowe for H. Seyle, 1633)--comprises A Treatise of Humane Learning, An Inquisition upon Fame and Honour, A Treatise of Wars, Alaham, Mustapha, Caelica, A Letter to an Honorable Lady, and A Letter of Travel. The Remains of Sir Fvlk Grevill Lord Brooke: Being Poems of Monarchy and Religion: Never Before Printed (London: Printed by T. N. for H. Herringman, 1670)--comprises A Treatise of Monarchy and A Treatise of Religion. Poems and Dramas of Fulke Greville, First Lord Brooke, 2 volumes, edited by Geoffrey Bullough (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1939; New York: Oxford University Press, 1945)--comprises Caelica, A Treatise of Humane Learning, An Inquisition upon Fame and Honor, A Treatise of Wars, Mustapha, and Alaham. The Remains: Being Poems of Monarchy and Religion, edited by G. A. Wilkes (London: Oxford University Press, 1965)--comprises A Treatise of Monarchy and A Treatise of Religion. The principal repository for Fulke Greville's papers is the British Library (Add. Mss. 54566-71, the Warwick Manuscripts; letters in the as-yet uncatalogued Earl Cowper mss.). Individual manuscripts of the Dedication to Sir Philip Sidney are to be found in Headington, Oxford (the private collection of Dr. B. E. Juel-Jensen); Trinity College, Cambridge (Mss. R.7.32 and 33); and Shrewsbury Public Library (Ms. 295). Critical reception Of Brooke Charles Lamb says . . "He is nine parts Machiavel and Tacitus, for one of Sophocles and Seneca.... Whether we look into his plays or his most passionate love-poems, we shall find all frozen and made rigid with intellect." He goes on to speak of the obscurity of expression that runs through all Brooke's poetry. Andrea McCrea sees the influence of Justus Lipsius in the Letter to an Honourable Lady, but elsewhere detects a scepticism more akin to Michel de Montaigne.[10] A rhyming elegy on Brooke, published in Henry Huth's Inedited Poetical Miscellanies, brings charges of miserliness against him. Robert Pinsky has asserted that this work is comparable in force of imagination to John Donne.[11] Family Lord Brooke left no natural heirs, and his senior (Brooke) barony passed to his cousin and adopted son, Robert Greville (1608-1643), who took the side of Parliament part in the English Civil War, and defeated the Royalists in a skirmish at Kineton in August 1642. Robert was killed during the siege of Lichfield on 2 March 1643, having survived the elder Greville by only fifteen years. His other barony (Willoughby de Broke) was inherited by his sister Margaret who married Sir Richard Verney. Notes Jump up ^ the complete title: The Life of the Renowned Sr. Philip Sidney. With the true Interest of England as it then stood in relation to all Forrain Princes: And particularly for suppressing the power of Spain Stated by Him: His principall Actions, Counsels, Designes, and Death. Together with a short account of the Maximes and Policies used by Queen Elizabeth in her Government. References ^ Jump up to: a b Gouws 2004. Jump up ^ Richardson I 2011, pp. 336-8; Richardson II 2011, p. 269. Jump up ^ Worthies of the Area 1 - Fulke Greville III Alcester & District Local History Society; Spring 1985. Jump up ^ "Greville, Fulke (GRVL568F)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Jump up to: a b "History of Parliament". Retrieved 2011-10-22. Jump up ^ Adriana McCrea, Constant Minds: Political virtue and the Lipsian paradigm in England, 1584-1650 (1997), p. 107. Jump up ^ "The Ghost Tower of Warwick Castle". Great Castles. Retrieved 26 December 2012. Jump up ^ "Local Worthies 1 - Sir Fulke Greville III". Spring 1985 Index. Alcester & District Local History Society. Retrieved 26 December 2012. Jump up ^ "Fulke GREVILLE (1º B. Willoughby of Broke)". Bios. Tudor Place. Retrieved 29 December 2012. Jump up ^ Adriana McCrea, Constant Minds: Political virtue and the Lipsian paradigm in England, 1584-1650 (1997), pp. 115-116. Jump up ^ "Susan Orlean, David Remnick, Ethan Hawke, and Others Pick Their Favorite Obscure Books". Village Voice. 2 December 2008. Sources Gouws, John (2004). Greville, Fulke, first Baron Brooke of Beauchamps Court (1554-1628). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 12 December 2012. (subscription required) Richardson, Douglas (2011). Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham I (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 1449966373 Richardson, Douglas (2011). Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham II (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 1449966381 Saunders, A W L (2007). Master of Shakespeare. MoS Publishing Ltd. ISBN 976821211X Elliott, Ward E. Y.; Valenza, Robert J. (2004). "Oxford by the Numbers: What Are the Odds That the Earl of Oxford Could Have Written Shakespeare's Poems and Plays?" (PDF). Tennessee Law Review (Tennessee Law Review Association) 72 (1): 323-452. ISSN 0040-3288. Retrieved 2 March 2011. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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